Earth Dam - Earthfill Dam - Earthen Dam
Earth dam is the oldest and most ordinary type. For steadiness, its slopes must be very gradual. To inhibit leakage, a core of resistant clay or concrete could also be used.And Here Are Some Translations
Earth Dam - Earthfill Dam - Earthen Dam
سد الأرض - سد الأرض - سد ترابي
Presa de tierra - Presa de relleno de tierra - Presa de tierra
Diga e Tokës - Diga e Tokës - Diga e Tokës
Erddamm - Erdfüllungsdamm - Irdener Damm
Гребля Земля - Гребля Земля - Земляна гребля
Barragem da Terra - Barragem de Aterro Sanitário - Barragem de Terra
Земна язовир - Язовир за запълване на земята - язовир Земя
Плаціна Зямля - плаціна для засыпання зямлі - плаціна Зямля
Toprak Barajı - Toprak Dolgusu Barajı - Toprak Barajı
Земляная плотина - Земляная плотина - Земляная плотина
Priehrada Earth - Priehrada Earthfill - Earthen Dam
סכר אדמה - סכר אדמה - סכר אדמה
سد خاکی - سد خاکی - سد خاکی
Barrage en terre - Barrage en terre - Barrage en terre
Earth Dam - Earthfill Dam - Earthen pato
Earth Dam-Earthfill Dam-대지 댐
अर्थ डैम - अर्थफिल डैम - मिट्टी का बांध
A dam impounds much plenty of water. If its mass and muscle aren't adequate, the heaviness of the water could also be enough to collapse the dam or slide it downstream. Also, water leakage under the dam can cause it to settle, break and eventually burst. to protect against this, a mix of cores, barriers, and asphalt blankets are usually built-in into the dam formation. Another danger is that the possibility of floodwaters which will overflow a dam, eroding and disintegrating it as they pour downstream. to satisfy the threat, an overflow spillway should be built either within the dam itself or as a separate pone exit channel dig the hillside to at least one side of the dam. On a site where the flood potential is great spillway could also be the dam's dominant feature.
Rockfill dam requires a rock-hard base of bedrock, compressed sand or gravel to place off settling and rupture of watertight facing. When constructing on bedrock, secure dam with bolts and seal joint with concrete.
Frame Dam is made-up of planks that are covered with such stabilizers as creosote or pentachlorophenol to stop decaying. to stop leakage, face upstream side of the dam with asphalt or a layer of fine silt or clay.
Concrete dam is chosen whenever overflowing is feasible, since a spillway can easily be included. to stop wearing down under the spillway, pile rocks at the bottom or shape the bottom to redirect the down warded rush of water.
Log dam is often built of treated 6-inch logs, like an oak with stone or gravel used as fill. Face the upstream side with seepage-proof boards. Wood dams don't last nearly as long as stone or earth dams and will not be quite 4 feet high.
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Dams are generally constructed to store water for domestic and industrial use, for irrigation, to get hydroelectricity or prevent flooding.
The type of Dam constructed is predicated on factors like local geology, the shape of the valley, climate, and availability of materials, manpower, and plant.
There are three main sorts of dam:
• Gravity
• Arch
• Buttress
Gravity dams
• Gravity dams are of relatively simple design. they're usually slightly curved in plan and believe self-weight to resist the hydrostatic forces that influence it.
• 83 you look after dams over 15m high are earth or rock embankments and 11% are concrete gravity dams.
• Typical heights of huge gravity dams are between 50 - 150m.
• Concrete gravity dams must be built on a robust rock foundation when over 20m tall and are expensive as large amounts of concrete are used.
• Rock or earth-fill embankment dams are often built on relatively week foundations because the dam is wide at its base, making them ideal for constructing in wide shallow valleys. they're made watertight by an impermeable core or membrane on the upstream face.
• The spillway to earth and rock dam may be a separate structure as erosion can occur if water spills over the embankment.
Arch dams
• Arch dams are nearly always constructed from ferroconcrete but only use about 20% of the concrete that might be required for a gravity dam.
• The strength of the arch is employed to expire the hydrostatic force to the foundations which must contain very strong rock.
• Arch dams require narrow, steep-sided valleys where the length of the dam's crest is restricted to about 10 times its height.
• Typical arch dams are 70 - 250m tall and structure only 4% of the world's large dams.
Most of the hydrostatic force is resisted by the arching action between the abutments and therefore the rest by cantilever action at the bottom.
Buttress Dams
• Buttress dams are a mixture of an arch and concrete gravity dams. Flat slab type dams have endless upstream slab face with downstream buttresses to supply strength and stability. Multiple arch type dams are used when the valley is just too wide for one arch dam.
buttress type.
• Buttress dams require 60% of the concrete required for a gravity dam but aren't cheaper due to reinforcement and sophisticated formwork.
Dam spillways
An overflow spillway is a component of the dam designed to permit water to flow over its crest. they're common in concrete dams but erode earth or rock dams.
A chute spillway may be a steep concrete channel that takes water from the reservoir level right down to the river level.
Crest gates are often wont to raise water levels during a reservoir above the peak of the dam and to regulate the extent. These gates are often radial gates because flat sluice gates would be difficult to lift due to large forces acting upon them. As radial gates are part - circular in shape and pivoted at the center, the hydrostatic forces act on the gate during a way that they undergo the pivot meaning that there's no turning moment aside from the load of the gate, meaning easier operation than a traditional straight flat gate.
Drum gates are used with long dams and when not in use the gate fits into a recess within the crest.
Sluice Gates
Flood Barriers
Flood barriers are built everywhere the planet to stay tidal floods from a land which is low relative to surrounding rivers or seas. samples of these are the Thames Barrier in London, UK, and therefore the Netherlands North Sea Protection.
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Famous dams throughout history have all had special historical factors alongside unique features. Dams are built for several different purposes like irrigation, creating reservoirs to store water, for hydro-electrical purposes et al.
Dams become famous throughout the planet mainly thanks to their size, their technological genius, due to their design engineers and also due to failure. The Hoover Dam within the USA is one among the foremost famous and tops the scales in many of the lists that designate the 'largest dams.' At on point in time, the Hoover Dam was the most important dam in size, the dam with the foremost amount of concrete in it and therefore the largest producer of Hydroelectricity within us of America.
In 1945, on its completion, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Colombia River surpassed the Hoover Dam and took all its records. the explanations why a dam is made depends entirely on its surroundings and what the local populace needs. they will create green hydroelectric energy for surrounding cities and towns. If every town or region within the world had an identical geographical landscape because of the Grand Coulee or the Hoover Dam, the facility of water might be harnessed and used as a way to supply green energy for the planet.
Unfortunately, not all cities dwell areas where deep valleys and rivers are available. This doesn't mean that dams are wholly positive structures as they alter the landscape around them and sometimes cause massive environmental changes, damaging the landscape around them. they will cause estuaries to disappear, flood plains to retract ruining habitats for wildlife, and reduce fish stocks because their ecosystem has changed so dramatically. With everything though, positive aspects need to be weighed up against negative aspects as nothing on this earth provides only positive means.
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